joto.me

Issued by COMODO RSA Domain Validation Secure Server CA

About this certificate

This digital certificate with serial number 3b:9a:9a:a3:03:70:66:2f:c7:44:40:34:92:fa:7d:f4 was issued on by COMODO CA Limited.

With 2 subject alternative names this certificate can be used to secure multiple fqdn's. This certificate has already expired and will cause a warning or error message in the browser it's still listed on this site to allow you to look back on previously issued certificates. If we have found any compliance issues with this certificate they will be shown below. I hope this certificate review is providing you the detailed information in a simple form you where looking for.


We have idenified some issues with this certificate:
  • Subscriber Certificate: commonName is deprecated. (BRs: 7.1.4.2.2)

Certificate Subject

CN=joto.me,OU=Domain Control Validated+OU=PositiveSSL

COMODO CA Limited

Organization: COMODO CA Limited
State / Province: Greater Manchester
Locality: Salford
Country: GB

This certificate has expire since

Certificate Details

Serial Number (hex): 3b:9a:9a:a3:03:70:66:2f:c7:44:40:34:92:fa:7d:f4
Serial Number (int): 79227201873858189422448398564016684532
Serial Number lenght: 126 bits, 16 octets

SubjectKeyId: e7:6a:4d:95:b0:66:c2:9b:20:3b:b3:8e:d1:25:c2:da:9e:39:e1:cc
AuthorityKeyId: 90:af:6a:3a:94:5a:0b:d8:90:ea:12:56:73:df:43:b4:3a:28:da:e7

Fingerprint (sha1): 31:ca:89:7a:56:e5:9a:a0:26:0d:ee:b1:e6:6f:6b:87:f0:83:d7:cb
Fingerprint (sha256): 0b:70:76:a8:c4:c1:6d:37:6b:01:1e:42:db:fa:53:9f:8a:af:24:58:07:bf:0c:91:2b:31:3e:53:02:da:09:89

Issuing Certificate URL: http://crt.comodoca.com/COMODORSADomainValidationSecureServerCA.crt

Revocation information

OCSP Server: http://ocsp.comodoca.com
CRL Distribution Point: http://crl.comodoca.com/COMODORSADomainValidationSecureServerCA.crl

Check the revocation status for certificate joto.me

2

DNS Names

0

Email Addresses

0

IP Addresses

Advanced Certificate Properties

Tehnical certificate details for joto.me

Public Key Algorithm

RSA

Key Size

2048

Signature Algorithm

SHA256 with RSA

Key Usage

Digital Signature
Key Encipherment

Extended Key Usages

Server Authentication
Client Authentication

Extensions

9 extensions
No unhandled critical extensions

CA Certificate

This is not a CA certificate

Subject Alternative Names

joto.me
www.joto.me

Other certificates including the domain name joto.me

(limited to 100 certificates)
joto.me
joto.me
staging.joto.me
staging.joto.me
joto.me
www.joto.me
stats.joto.me
www.joto.me
stats.joto.me

Certificate

The complete raw certificate details for joto.me in PEM and ASN.1 format.

Certificate (PEM)

-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----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-----END CERTIFICATE-----

Public Key (PEM)

-----BEGIN PUBLIC KEY-----
MIIBIjANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQEFAAOCAQ8AMIIBCgKCAQEAvV4b3THjqqEsmT32ysqV
PEMPz1hGVNedjkSzwScWdT+AJ9MdX9OGEhtORsklhs85g+NwMBqDWzfy5SbZraFu
fLxEwzlrzp6bW9XB7eY6MUEhZ9kLGPEl/fZ0QOLUW7TJUwgcvg4z+HAJSzaFQBCT
5fhUGQzXI/xCgIFko1eZuSzibmP5mWDyJxBUi8ZO9Kx76LzEcCXTayAk1ARbBI6j
aRFbiTiyhLZeWw/6HHiMl09uptbxQruHOj7gm88TzQzIpZAybgJHR+wViOZEfQxi
en+w1ViFSSqXz2xmCfn0/RKeaFzAvGX5waJSrUDGGdWFozyBHvKJJbT9YMZF3Arw
nQIDAQAB
-----END PUBLIC KEY-----

ASN.1 decoded

 [c:0|t:16|true] SEQUENCE, SEQUENCE OF 
 . . . . [c:0|t:16|true] SEQUENCE, SEQUENCE OF 
 . . . . . . . . [c:2|t:0|true] OtherName 
 . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:2|false] INTEGER 2
 . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:2|false] INTEGER 79227201873858189422448398564016684532
 . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:16|true] SEQUENCE, SEQUENCE OF 
 . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:6|false] OBJECT IDENTIFIER 1.2.840.113549.1.1.11 (sha256WithRSAEncryption)
 . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:5|false] NULL 
 . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:16|true] SEQUENCE, SEQUENCE OF 
 . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:17|true] SET, SET OF 
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:16|true] SEQUENCE, SEQUENCE OF 
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:6|false] OBJECT IDENTIFIER 2.5.4.6 (countryName)
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:19|false] PrintableString 'GB'
 . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:17|true] SET, SET OF 
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:16|true] SEQUENCE, SEQUENCE OF 
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:6|false] OBJECT IDENTIFIER 2.5.4.8 (stateOrProvinceName)
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:19|false] PrintableString 'Greater Manchester'
 . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:17|true] SET, SET OF 
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:16|true] SEQUENCE, SEQUENCE OF 
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:6|false] OBJECT IDENTIFIER 2.5.4.7 (localityName)
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:19|false] PrintableString 'Salford'
 . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:17|true] SET, SET OF 
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:16|true] SEQUENCE, SEQUENCE OF 
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:6|false] OBJECT IDENTIFIER 2.5.4.10 (organizationName)
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:19|false] PrintableString 'COMODO CA Limited'
 . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:17|true] SET, SET OF 
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:16|true] SEQUENCE, SEQUENCE OF 
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:6|false] OBJECT IDENTIFIER 2.5.4.3 (commonName)
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:19|false] PrintableString 'COMODO RSA Domain Validation Secure Server CA'
 . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:16|true] SEQUENCE, SEQUENCE OF 
 . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:23|false] UTCTime 2015-01-31 00:00:00 +0000 UTC
 . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:23|false] UTCTime 2016-02-07 23:59:59 +0000 UTC
 . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:16|true] SEQUENCE, SEQUENCE OF 
 . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:17|true] SET, SET OF 
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:16|true] SEQUENCE, SEQUENCE OF 
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:6|false] OBJECT IDENTIFIER 2.5.4.11 (organizationalUnitName)
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:19|false] PrintableString 'Domain Control Validated'
 . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:17|true] SET, SET OF 
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:16|true] SEQUENCE, SEQUENCE OF 
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:6|false] OBJECT IDENTIFIER 2.5.4.11 (organizationalUnitName)
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:19|false] PrintableString 'PositiveSSL'
 . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:17|true] SET, SET OF 
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:16|true] SEQUENCE, SEQUENCE OF 
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:6|false] OBJECT IDENTIFIER 2.5.4.3 (commonName)
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:19|false] PrintableString 'joto.me'
 . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:16|true] SEQUENCE, SEQUENCE OF 
 . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:16|true] SEQUENCE, SEQUENCE OF 
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:6|false] OBJECT IDENTIFIER 1.2.840.113549.1.1.1 (rsaEncryption)
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:5|false] NULL 
 . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:3|false] BIT STRING (2160 bits)
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:16|true] SEQUENCE, SEQUENCE OF 
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:2|false] INTEGER 23905446439125210505991574707808379875276200242261709020674429659992978072768707008376055646248972709811723502795642679035997780948825163032049232390973346421313817376370380577615230864073080278752920357162051918866499042493256758472700700524361254310477005459879019007766766372005156488716630348586896552423006760184483326686418276453472087268934686427353165986968319054017430403477208939400536732214777604323849028802636778280542667045372150136450335433213332148273118330841606786713061222025843262533324628878030335458401605254176673472486138176368156970945209416480885885265692006953189661615085587494047492796573
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:2|false] INTEGER 65537

 . . . . . . . . [c:2|t:3|true] ORAddress 
 . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:16|true] SEQUENCE, SEQUENCE OF 
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:16|true] SEQUENCE, SEQUENCE OF 
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:6|false] OBJECT IDENTIFIER 2.5.29.35 (authorityKeyIdentifier)
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:4|false] OCTET STRING (24 bytes)
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:16|true] SEQUENCE, SEQUENCE OF 
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:2|t:0|false] OtherName 90af6a3a945a0bd890ea125673df43b43a28dae7
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:16|true] SEQUENCE, SEQUENCE OF 
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:6|false] OBJECT IDENTIFIER 2.5.29.14 (subjectKeyIdentifier)
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:4|false] OCTET STRING (22 bytes)
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:4|false] OCTET STRING (20 bytes)
							e76a4d95b066c29b203bb38ed125c2da9e39e1cc
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:16|true] SEQUENCE, SEQUENCE OF 
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:6|false] OBJECT IDENTIFIER 2.5.29.15 (keyUsage)
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:1|false] BOOLEAN true
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:4|false] OCTET STRING (4 bytes)
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:3|false] BIT STRING (3 bits)
							05a0
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:16|true] SEQUENCE, SEQUENCE OF 
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:6|false] OBJECT IDENTIFIER 2.5.29.19 (basicConstraints)
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:1|false] BOOLEAN true
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:4|false] OCTET STRING (2 bytes)
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:16|true] SEQUENCE, SEQUENCE OF 
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:16|true] SEQUENCE, SEQUENCE OF 
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:6|false] OBJECT IDENTIFIER 2.5.29.37 (extKeyUsage)
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:4|false] OCTET STRING (22 bytes)
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:16|true] SEQUENCE, SEQUENCE OF 
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:6|false] OBJECT IDENTIFIER 1.3.6.1.5.5.7.3.1 (serverAuth)
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:6|false] OBJECT IDENTIFIER 1.3.6.1.5.5.7.3.2 (clientAuth)
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:16|true] SEQUENCE, SEQUENCE OF 
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:6|false] OBJECT IDENTIFIER 2.5.29.32 (certificatePolicies)
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:4|false] OCTET STRING (72 bytes)
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:16|true] SEQUENCE, SEQUENCE OF 
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:16|true] SEQUENCE, SEQUENCE OF 
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:6|false] OBJECT IDENTIFIER 1.3.6.1.4.1.6449.1.2.2.7
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:16|true] SEQUENCE, SEQUENCE OF 
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:16|true] SEQUENCE, SEQUENCE OF 
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:6|false] OBJECT IDENTIFIER 1.3.6.1.5.5.7.2.1 (cps)
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:22|false] IA5String 'https://secure.comodo.com/CPS'
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:16|true] SEQUENCE, SEQUENCE OF 
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:6|false] OBJECT IDENTIFIER 2.23.140.1.2.1 (Domain Validation Certificates Policy)
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:16|true] SEQUENCE, SEQUENCE OF 
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:6|false] OBJECT IDENTIFIER 2.5.29.31 (cRLDistributionPoints)
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:4|false] OCTET STRING (77 bytes)
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:16|true] SEQUENCE, SEQUENCE OF 
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:16|true] SEQUENCE, SEQUENCE OF 
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:2|t:0|true] OtherName 
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:2|t:0|true] OtherName 
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:2|t:6|false] IA5String 'http://crl.comodoca.com/COMODORSADomainValidationSecureServerCA.crl'
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:16|true] SEQUENCE, SEQUENCE OF 
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:6|false] OBJECT IDENTIFIER 1.3.6.1.5.5.7.1.1 (authorityInfoAccess)
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:4|false] OCTET STRING (121 bytes)
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:16|true] SEQUENCE, SEQUENCE OF 
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:16|true] SEQUENCE, SEQUENCE OF 
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:6|false] OBJECT IDENTIFIER 1.3.6.1.5.5.7.48.2 (caIssuers)
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:2|t:6|false] IA5String 'http://crt.comodoca.com/COMODORSADomainValidationSecureServerCA.crt'
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:16|true] SEQUENCE, SEQUENCE OF 
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:6|false] OBJECT IDENTIFIER 1.3.6.1.5.5.7.48.1 (ocsp)
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:2|t:6|false] IA5String 'http://ocsp.comodoca.com'
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:16|true] SEQUENCE, SEQUENCE OF 
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:6|false] OBJECT IDENTIFIER 2.5.29.17 (subjectAltName)
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:4|false] OCTET STRING (24 bytes)
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:16|true] SEQUENCE, SEQUENCE OF 
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:2|t:2|false] IA5String 'joto.me'
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:2|t:2|false] IA5String 'www.joto.me'
 . . . . [c:0|t:16|true] SEQUENCE, SEQUENCE OF 
 . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:6|false] OBJECT IDENTIFIER 1.2.840.113549.1.1.11 (sha256WithRSAEncryption)
 . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:5|false] NULL 
 . . . . [c:0|t:3|false] BIT STRING (2048 bits)
		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