it-sicherheit.news

Issued by Let's Encrypt Authority X3

About this certificate

This digital certificate with serial number 03:4d:c8:ff:73:a3:b5:e0:66:44:c9:07:c1:dc:4b:bd:19:a2 was issued on by Let's Encrypt.

With 7 subject alternative names this certificate can be used to secure multiple fqdn's. This certificate has already expired and will cause a warning or error message in the browser it's still listed on this site to allow you to look back on previously issued certificates. If we have found any compliance issues with this certificate they will be shown below. I hope this certificate review is providing you the detailed information in a simple form you where looking for.


We have idenified some issues with this certificate:
  • Subscriber Certificate: commonName is deprecated. (BRs: 7.1.4.2.2)

Certificate Subject

CN=it-sicherheit.news

Let's Encrypt

Organization: Let's Encrypt
Country: US

This certificate has expire since

Certificate Details

Serial Number (hex): 03:4d:c8:ff:73:a3:b5:e0:66:44:c9:07:c1:dc:4b:bd:19:a2
Serial Number (int): 287805772028496494161056268494114469517730
Serial Number lenght: 138 bits, 18 octets

SubjectKeyId: 3f:15:ba:1a:31:b2:3e:0f:06:c9:7a:af:89:3e:d2:3b:99:f3:12:30
AuthorityKeyId: a8:4a:6a:63:04:7d:dd:ba:e6:d1:39:b7:a6:45:65:ef:f3:a8:ec:a1

Fingerprint (sha1): 73:0e:28:78:50:09:40:d9:fe:43:bd:0e:8a:81:4c:59:9a:d6:c7:1c
Fingerprint (sha256): 48:0e:f1:62:ea:be:47:82:61:34:78:c4:38:70:8f:2d:32:e0:6e:79:23:29:0e:e5:15:ae:1d:51:d1:6a:71:cb

Issuing Certificate URL: http://cert.int-x3.letsencrypt.org/

Revocation information

OCSP Server: http://ocsp.int-x3.letsencrypt.org

Check the revocation status for certificate it-sicherheit.news

7

DNS Names

0

Email Addresses

0

IP Addresses

Advanced Certificate Properties

Tehnical certificate details for it-sicherheit.news

Public Key Algorithm

RSA

Key Size

2048

Signature Algorithm

SHA256 with RSA

Key Usage

Digital Signature
Key Encipherment

Extended Key Usages

Server Authentication
Client Authentication

Extensions

9 extensions
No unhandled critical extensions

CA Certificate

This is not a CA certificate

Subject Alternative Names

it-sicherheit.news
vcd-console.sbs.strato.de
vcd-test-console.sbs.strato.de
vcd-test.sbs.strato.de
vcd.sbs.strato.de
vpnredirect.cronon.net
www.it-sicherheit.news

Other certificates including the domain name it-sicherheit.news

(limited to 100 certificates)
it-sicherheit.news
it-sicherheit.news
it-sicherheit.news
it-sicherheit.news
it-sicherheit.news
it-sicherheit.news
it-sicherheit.news
it-sicherheit.news
it-sicherheit.news
it-sicherheit.news
it-sicherheit.news
www.it-sicherheit.news
it-sicherheit.news
www.it-sicherheit.news
it-sicherheit.news
it-sicherheit.news
it-sicherheit.news
it-sicherheit.news
it-sicherheit.news
it-sicherheit.news
it-sicherheit.news
it-sicherheit.news
it-sicherheit.news

Certificate

The complete raw certificate details for it-sicherheit.news in PEM and ASN.1 format.

Certificate (PEM)

-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----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-----END CERTIFICATE-----

Public Key (PEM)

-----BEGIN PUBLIC KEY-----
MIIBIjANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQEFAAOCAQ8AMIIBCgKCAQEAxH2Ef0WDXhYq2M3U2u50
1IAGPV3xnEnI7a+AYwjNOQMYd6nZaot/879gu1o/AQLHP7/TZ9IIfiGt2s4m/PQK
DTLROu2fzlqD3XoYLv/wiSA1waqjDFqwI4NAlSOORnc8CuRhLIBqI6ZutkXjAryV
NzgC4KjKGhjL8qCydCaOUbR8rjmrs0JBHThlvNctPf6DPwxEDWRXN2ROz47ob6Ut
o6GfkCUG51bIZIYe4Iwk/KQsupZVmsNp6Dm4t1fO4AhresQKBJXkMeXY1hDgE0k+
R3vrOapMEO5DHP7qqVYRTEcojkhlmCbsriEFNXvfaYKHrES2uu8085Bqtdfvx2ch
FwIDAQAB
-----END PUBLIC KEY-----

ASN.1 decoded

 [c:0|t:16|true] SEQUENCE, SEQUENCE OF 
 . . . . [c:0|t:16|true] SEQUENCE, SEQUENCE OF 
 . . . . . . . . [c:2|t:0|true] OtherName 
 . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:2|false] INTEGER 2
 . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:2|false] INTEGER 287805772028496494161056268494114469517730
 . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:16|true] SEQUENCE, SEQUENCE OF 
 . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:6|false] OBJECT IDENTIFIER 1.2.840.113549.1.1.11 (sha256WithRSAEncryption)
 . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:5|false] NULL 
 . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:16|true] SEQUENCE, SEQUENCE OF 
 . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:17|true] SET, SET OF 
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:16|true] SEQUENCE, SEQUENCE OF 
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:6|false] OBJECT IDENTIFIER 2.5.4.6 (countryName)
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:19|false] PrintableString 'US'
 . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:17|true] SET, SET OF 
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:16|true] SEQUENCE, SEQUENCE OF 
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:6|false] OBJECT IDENTIFIER 2.5.4.10 (organizationName)
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:19|false] PrintableString 'Let's Encrypt'
 . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:17|true] SET, SET OF 
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:16|true] SEQUENCE, SEQUENCE OF 
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:6|false] OBJECT IDENTIFIER 2.5.4.3 (commonName)
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:19|false] PrintableString 'Let's Encrypt Authority X3'
 . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:16|true] SEQUENCE, SEQUENCE OF 
 . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:23|false] UTCTime 2019-10-05 13:55:04 +0000 UTC
 . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:23|false] UTCTime 2020-01-03 13:55:04 +0000 UTC
 . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:16|true] SEQUENCE, SEQUENCE OF 
 . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:17|true] SET, SET OF 
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:16|true] SEQUENCE, SEQUENCE OF 
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:6|false] OBJECT IDENTIFIER 2.5.4.3 (commonName)
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:19|false] PrintableString 'it-sicherheit.news'
 . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:16|true] SEQUENCE, SEQUENCE OF 
 . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:16|true] SEQUENCE, SEQUENCE OF 
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:6|false] OBJECT IDENTIFIER 1.2.840.113549.1.1.1 (rsaEncryption)
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:5|false] NULL 
 . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:3|false] BIT STRING (2160 bits)
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:16|true] SEQUENCE, SEQUENCE OF 
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:2|false] INTEGER 24804602792498838434817624274085818422888446895958619462180556397526452711707464420278584574815167212337105133182342291823582056248036213095812917855203075262286781837636760362629586304158889181173606839755273202613613971763589798309676878926055978184823253522451752287828418064144031492176418924281354982757902425627102846074879772930082584819785601384419186958718358551248023634405871109440446718324833601298900907224535501120097080880912185964877268746885343263158977841116220942408534194406178238922224886811672863522917114676105633175438776247998107426482459214097457704461631474490742981055585652352268401844503
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:2|false] INTEGER 65537

 . . . . . . . . [c:2|t:3|true] ORAddress 
 . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:16|true] SEQUENCE, SEQUENCE OF 
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:16|true] SEQUENCE, SEQUENCE OF 
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:6|false] OBJECT IDENTIFIER 2.5.29.15 (keyUsage)
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:1|false] BOOLEAN true
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:4|false] OCTET STRING (4 bytes)
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:3|false] BIT STRING (3 bits)
							05a0
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:16|true] SEQUENCE, SEQUENCE OF 
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:6|false] OBJECT IDENTIFIER 2.5.29.37 (extKeyUsage)
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:4|false] OCTET STRING (22 bytes)
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:16|true] SEQUENCE, SEQUENCE OF 
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:6|false] OBJECT IDENTIFIER 1.3.6.1.5.5.7.3.1 (serverAuth)
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:6|false] OBJECT IDENTIFIER 1.3.6.1.5.5.7.3.2 (clientAuth)
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:16|true] SEQUENCE, SEQUENCE OF 
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:6|false] OBJECT IDENTIFIER 2.5.29.19 (basicConstraints)
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:1|false] BOOLEAN true
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:4|false] OCTET STRING (2 bytes)
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:16|true] SEQUENCE, SEQUENCE OF 
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:16|true] SEQUENCE, SEQUENCE OF 
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:6|false] OBJECT IDENTIFIER 2.5.29.14 (subjectKeyIdentifier)
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:4|false] OCTET STRING (22 bytes)
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:4|false] OCTET STRING (20 bytes)
							3f15ba1a31b23e0f06c97aaf893ed23b99f31230
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:16|true] SEQUENCE, SEQUENCE OF 
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:6|false] OBJECT IDENTIFIER 2.5.29.35 (authorityKeyIdentifier)
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:4|false] OCTET STRING (24 bytes)
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:16|true] SEQUENCE, SEQUENCE OF 
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:2|t:0|false] OtherName a84a6a63047dddbae6d139b7a64565eff3a8eca1
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:16|true] SEQUENCE, SEQUENCE OF 
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:6|false] OBJECT IDENTIFIER 1.3.6.1.5.5.7.1.1 (authorityInfoAccess)
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:4|false] OCTET STRING (99 bytes)
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:16|true] SEQUENCE, SEQUENCE OF 
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:16|true] SEQUENCE, SEQUENCE OF 
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:6|false] OBJECT IDENTIFIER 1.3.6.1.5.5.7.48.1 (ocsp)
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:2|t:6|false] IA5String 'http://ocsp.int-x3.letsencrypt.org'
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:16|true] SEQUENCE, SEQUENCE OF 
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:6|false] OBJECT IDENTIFIER 1.3.6.1.5.5.7.48.2 (caIssuers)
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:2|t:6|false] IA5String 'http://cert.int-x3.letsencrypt.org/'
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:16|true] SEQUENCE, SEQUENCE OF 
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:6|false] OBJECT IDENTIFIER 2.5.29.17 (subjectAltName)
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:4|false] OCTET STRING (173 bytes)
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:16|true] SEQUENCE, SEQUENCE OF 
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:2|t:2|false] IA5String 'it-sicherheit.news'
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:2|t:2|false] IA5String 'vcd-console.sbs.strato.de'
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:2|t:2|false] IA5String 'vcd-test-console.sbs.strato.de'
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:2|t:2|false] IA5String 'vcd-test.sbs.strato.de'
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:2|t:2|false] IA5String 'vcd.sbs.strato.de'
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:2|t:2|false] IA5String 'vpnredirect.cronon.net'
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:2|t:2|false] IA5String 'www.it-sicherheit.news'
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:16|true] SEQUENCE, SEQUENCE OF 
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:6|false] OBJECT IDENTIFIER 2.5.29.32 (certificatePolicies)
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:4|false] OCTET STRING (69 bytes)
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:16|true] SEQUENCE, SEQUENCE OF 
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:16|true] SEQUENCE, SEQUENCE OF 
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:6|false] OBJECT IDENTIFIER 2.23.140.1.2.1 (Domain Validation Certificates Policy)
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:16|true] SEQUENCE, SEQUENCE OF 
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:6|false] OBJECT IDENTIFIER 1.3.6.1.4.1.44947.1.1.1
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:16|true] SEQUENCE, SEQUENCE OF 
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:16|true] SEQUENCE, SEQUENCE OF 
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:6|false] OBJECT IDENTIFIER 1.3.6.1.5.5.7.2.1 (cps)
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:22|false] IA5String 'http://cps.letsencrypt.org'
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:16|true] SEQUENCE, SEQUENCE OF 
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:6|false] OBJECT IDENTIFIER 1.3.6.1.4.1.11129.2.4.2
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:4|false] OCTET STRING (244 bytes)
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:4|false] OCTET STRING (241 bytes)
							00ef0075005ea773f9df56c0e7b536487dd049e0327a919a0c84a1121284187596817145580000016d9c6ac21700000403004630440220223c5bdd76602a08e06f9e0da50aaf82d1a5274940873ff2fe152b63a3a9887402204753d4af04519b9a3fbb87eecdbc159271c9c25f2c1247172a8938204153b4b3007600b21e05cc8ba2cd8a204e8766f92bb98a2520676bdafa70e7b249532def8b905e0000016d9c6ac2240000040300473045022100afb9f503d126199cdded7a18f8dcfd89096d0e76ddad54c2792e89e971d45e13022030cedc1ad27900e2a3a154e0632c584641cd0da94c6f0fb2841722905bf3dded
 . . . . [c:0|t:16|true] SEQUENCE, SEQUENCE OF 
 . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:6|false] OBJECT IDENTIFIER 1.2.840.113549.1.1.11 (sha256WithRSAEncryption)
 . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:5|false] NULL 
 . . . . [c:0|t:3|false] BIT STRING (2048 bits)
		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