ssl.ad-flow.info

Issued by GlobalSign Domain Validation CA - SHA256 - G2

About this certificate

This digital certificate with serial number 78:99:3b:12:a0:5d:11:bb:4f:48:d8:c6 was issued on by GlobalSign nv-sa.

With 2 subject alternative names this certificate can be used to secure multiple fqdn's. This certificate has already expired and will cause a warning or error message in the browser it's still listed on this site to allow you to look back on previously issued certificates. If we have found any compliance issues with this certificate they will be shown below. I hope this certificate review is providing you the detailed information in a simple form you where looking for.


We have idenified some issues with this certificate:
  • Subscriber Certificate: commonName is deprecated. (BRs: 7.1.4.2.2)

Certificate Subject

CN=ssl.ad-flow.info,OU=Domain Control Validated by OneClickSSL,C=JP

GlobalSign nv-sa

Organization: GlobalSign nv-sa
Country: BE

This certificate has expire since

Certificate Details

Serial Number (hex): 78:99:3b:12:a0:5d:11:bb:4f:48:d8:c6
Serial Number (int): 37323445792181740861632600262
Serial Number lenght: 95 bits, 12 octets

SubjectKeyId: bd:84:22:c2:6d:e1:60:a8:c2:31:9d:4f:d7:2f:6c:b6:3b:4a:94:81
AuthorityKeyId: ea:4e:7c:d4:80:2d:e5:15:81:86:26:8c:82:6d:c0:98:a4:cf:97:0f

Fingerprint (sha1): 06:11:c0:f5:ef:f3:15:fa:a7:6a:7a:86:08:03:dc:f4:75:04:56:39
Fingerprint (sha256): 5f:be:d8:62:f9:6c:b0:b9:3a:ce:cd:53:00:74:d8:45:a5:9e:50:c1:e2:07:87:e3:24:20:91:bc:5d:87:e6:0c

Issuing Certificate URL: http://secure.globalsign.com/cacert/gsdomainvalsha2g2r1.crt

Revocation information

OCSP Server: http://ocsp2.globalsign.com/gsdomainvalsha2g2
CRL Distribution Point: http://crl.globalsign.com/gs/gsdomainvalsha2g2.crl

Check the revocation status for certificate ssl.ad-flow.info

2

DNS Names

0

Email Addresses

0

IP Addresses

Advanced Certificate Properties

Tehnical certificate details for ssl.ad-flow.info

Public Key Algorithm

RSA

Key Size

2048

Signature Algorithm

SHA256 with RSA

Key Usage

Digital Signature
Key Encipherment

Extended Key Usages

Server Authentication
Client Authentication

Extensions

10 extensions
No unhandled critical extensions

CA Certificate

This is not a CA certificate

Subject Alternative Names

ssl.ad-flow.info
www.ssl.ad-flow.info

Other certificates including the domain name ad-flow.info

(limited to 100 certificates)
ssl.ad-flow.info
ssl.ad-flow.info
ssl.ad-flow.info
ssl.ad-flow.info
ssl.ad-flow.info
ssl.ad-flow.info
ssl.ad-flow.info
ssl.ad-flow.info
ssl.ad-flow.info
ssl.ad-flow.info

Certificate

The complete raw certificate details for ssl.ad-flow.info in PEM and ASN.1 format.

Certificate (PEM)

-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----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-----END CERTIFICATE-----

Public Key (PEM)

-----BEGIN PUBLIC KEY-----
MIIBIjANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQEFAAOCAQ8AMIIBCgKCAQEAyPfdNmpBzsQeZAtciAYY
koQ0flgtv733j1FEfc0OzfXpqqwWaVp71FyuviDtOmX4HipbtLDhiGdL7gQLIrw8
Vg/Ugz+AJhgoVF2P5jqluhHzP1f44gAlfiCBGUkMN0s93TGAQp0ss3dPMaf+WNPW
qGlI2hs8B65ehdjyV5L6MV2z7MAqC5YiIG/yzOwX709nIAG9oyqZjA1L2d/uM45I
PIzQvLzTqtgHaF8JHof9ueIkr8h62HkFTnEdQwBTsgNNzGXpH8AhqqLzhsmlv73f
EPwPDgrkfQzuGQPxGAoeKnqSgDs7UoDQp1b3VEtrUxcbAIp8DhblpoAVSa+gMbuJ
eQIDAQAB
-----END PUBLIC KEY-----

ASN.1 decoded

 [c:0|t:16|true] SEQUENCE, SEQUENCE OF 
 . . . . [c:0|t:16|true] SEQUENCE, SEQUENCE OF 
 . . . . . . . . [c:2|t:0|true] OtherName 
 . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:2|false] INTEGER 2
 . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:2|false] INTEGER 37323445792181740861632600262
 . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:16|true] SEQUENCE, SEQUENCE OF 
 . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:6|false] OBJECT IDENTIFIER 1.2.840.113549.1.1.11 (sha256WithRSAEncryption)
 . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:5|false] NULL 
 . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:16|true] SEQUENCE, SEQUENCE OF 
 . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:17|true] SET, SET OF 
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:16|true] SEQUENCE, SEQUENCE OF 
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:6|false] OBJECT IDENTIFIER 2.5.4.6 (countryName)
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:19|false] PrintableString 'BE'
 . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:17|true] SET, SET OF 
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:16|true] SEQUENCE, SEQUENCE OF 
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:6|false] OBJECT IDENTIFIER 2.5.4.10 (organizationName)
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:19|false] PrintableString 'GlobalSign nv-sa'
 . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:17|true] SET, SET OF 
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:16|true] SEQUENCE, SEQUENCE OF 
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:6|false] OBJECT IDENTIFIER 2.5.4.3 (commonName)
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:19|false] PrintableString 'GlobalSign Domain Validation CA - SHA256 - G2'
 . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:16|true] SEQUENCE, SEQUENCE OF 
 . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:23|false] UTCTime 2017-01-17 22:11:59 +0000 UTC
 . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:23|false] UTCTime 2018-02-24 01:07:25 +0000 UTC
 . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:16|true] SEQUENCE, SEQUENCE OF 
 . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:17|true] SET, SET OF 
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:16|true] SEQUENCE, SEQUENCE OF 
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:6|false] OBJECT IDENTIFIER 2.5.4.6 (countryName)
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:19|false] PrintableString 'JP'
 . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:17|true] SET, SET OF 
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:16|true] SEQUENCE, SEQUENCE OF 
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:6|false] OBJECT IDENTIFIER 2.5.4.11 (organizationalUnitName)
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:19|false] PrintableString 'Domain Control Validated by OneClickSSL'
 . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:17|true] SET, SET OF 
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:16|true] SEQUENCE, SEQUENCE OF 
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:6|false] OBJECT IDENTIFIER 2.5.4.3 (commonName)
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:19|false] PrintableString 'ssl.ad-flow.info'
 . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:16|true] SEQUENCE, SEQUENCE OF 
 . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:16|true] SEQUENCE, SEQUENCE OF 
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:6|false] OBJECT IDENTIFIER 1.2.840.113549.1.1.1 (rsaEncryption)
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:5|false] NULL 
 . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:3|false] BIT STRING (2160 bits)
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:16|true] SEQUENCE, SEQUENCE OF 
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:2|false] INTEGER 25369887342059392343894704548139213703569810661632632121729760802391086791315012553598732408728135507251945183905152932095756132178024738961330296953492381076520175053556023741271761227630245693247362174697388225039657166239152239366691209191538084125915730907385695601303262330980504603720857647058545149892145570592372744986526885567502347732042871296299485565082710278438672101932000337921252665446177515438997504644535483777938882281954026031887264793248940034536381231234928078579650232546028266775928154114768034707069934395686108704992803903017039712136726519005795248659663060990606233229394454639812615571833
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:2|false] INTEGER 65537

 . . . . . . . . [c:2|t:3|true] ORAddress 
 . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:16|true] SEQUENCE, SEQUENCE OF 
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:16|true] SEQUENCE, SEQUENCE OF 
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:6|false] OBJECT IDENTIFIER 2.5.29.15 (keyUsage)
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:1|false] BOOLEAN true
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:4|false] OCTET STRING (4 bytes)
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:3|false] BIT STRING (3 bits)
							05a0
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:16|true] SEQUENCE, SEQUENCE OF 
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:6|false] OBJECT IDENTIFIER 1.3.6.1.5.5.7.1.1 (authorityInfoAccess)
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:4|false] OCTET STRING (135 bytes)
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:16|true] SEQUENCE, SEQUENCE OF 
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:16|true] SEQUENCE, SEQUENCE OF 
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:6|false] OBJECT IDENTIFIER 1.3.6.1.5.5.7.48.2 (caIssuers)
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:2|t:6|false] IA5String 'http://secure.globalsign.com/cacert/gsdomainvalsha2g2r1.crt'
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:16|true] SEQUENCE, SEQUENCE OF 
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:6|false] OBJECT IDENTIFIER 1.3.6.1.5.5.7.48.1 (ocsp)
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:2|t:6|false] IA5String 'http://ocsp2.globalsign.com/gsdomainvalsha2g2'
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:16|true] SEQUENCE, SEQUENCE OF 
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:6|false] OBJECT IDENTIFIER 2.5.29.32 (certificatePolicies)
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:4|false] OCTET STRING (79 bytes)
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:16|true] SEQUENCE, SEQUENCE OF 
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:16|true] SEQUENCE, SEQUENCE OF 
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:6|false] OBJECT IDENTIFIER 1.3.6.1.4.1.4146.1.10 (globalsignDVPolicy)
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:16|true] SEQUENCE, SEQUENCE OF 
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:16|true] SEQUENCE, SEQUENCE OF 
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:6|false] OBJECT IDENTIFIER 1.3.6.1.5.5.7.2.1 (cps)
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:22|false] IA5String 'https://www.globalsign.com/repository/'
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:16|true] SEQUENCE, SEQUENCE OF 
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:6|false] OBJECT IDENTIFIER 2.23.140.1.2.1 (Domain Validation Certificates Policy)
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:16|true] SEQUENCE, SEQUENCE OF 
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:6|false] OBJECT IDENTIFIER 2.5.29.19 (basicConstraints)
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:4|false] OCTET STRING (2 bytes)
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:16|true] SEQUENCE, SEQUENCE OF 
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:16|true] SEQUENCE, SEQUENCE OF 
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:6|false] OBJECT IDENTIFIER 2.5.29.31 (cRLDistributionPoints)
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:4|false] OCTET STRING (60 bytes)
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:16|true] SEQUENCE, SEQUENCE OF 
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:16|true] SEQUENCE, SEQUENCE OF 
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:2|t:0|true] OtherName 
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:2|t:0|true] OtherName 
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:2|t:6|false] IA5String 'http://crl.globalsign.com/gs/gsdomainvalsha2g2.crl'
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:16|true] SEQUENCE, SEQUENCE OF 
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:6|false] OBJECT IDENTIFIER 2.5.29.17 (subjectAltName)
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:4|false] OCTET STRING (42 bytes)
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:16|true] SEQUENCE, SEQUENCE OF 
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:2|t:2|false] IA5String 'ssl.ad-flow.info'
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:2|t:2|false] IA5String 'www.ssl.ad-flow.info'
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:16|true] SEQUENCE, SEQUENCE OF 
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:6|false] OBJECT IDENTIFIER 2.5.29.37 (extKeyUsage)
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:4|false] OCTET STRING (22 bytes)
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:16|true] SEQUENCE, SEQUENCE OF 
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:6|false] OBJECT IDENTIFIER 1.3.6.1.5.5.7.3.1 (serverAuth)
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:6|false] OBJECT IDENTIFIER 1.3.6.1.5.5.7.3.2 (clientAuth)
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:16|true] SEQUENCE, SEQUENCE OF 
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:6|false] OBJECT IDENTIFIER 2.5.29.14 (subjectKeyIdentifier)
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:4|false] OCTET STRING (22 bytes)
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:4|false] OCTET STRING (20 bytes)
							bd8422c26de160a8c2319d4fd72f6cb63b4a9481
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:16|true] SEQUENCE, SEQUENCE OF 
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:6|false] OBJECT IDENTIFIER 2.5.29.35 (authorityKeyIdentifier)
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:4|false] OCTET STRING (24 bytes)
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:16|true] SEQUENCE, SEQUENCE OF 
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:2|t:0|false] OtherName ea4e7cd4802de5158186268c826dc098a4cf970f
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:16|true] SEQUENCE, SEQUENCE OF 
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:6|false] OBJECT IDENTIFIER 1.3.6.1.4.1.11129.2.4.3 (CT Precertificate Poison)
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:1|false] BOOLEAN true
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:4|false] OCTET STRING (2 bytes)
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:5|false] NULL 
 . . . . [c:0|t:16|true] SEQUENCE, SEQUENCE OF 
 . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:6|false] OBJECT IDENTIFIER 1.2.840.113549.1.1.11 (sha256WithRSAEncryption)
 . . . . . . . . [c:0|t:5|false] NULL 
 . . . . [c:0|t:3|false] BIT STRING (2048 bits)
		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